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The.Go.Programming.Language.2015.11.pdf

Contents
Preface xi
The Origins of Go xii
The Go Project xiii
Organizat ion of the Book xv
Wh ere to Find More Infor mat ion xvi
Ac knowledgments xvii
1. Tutorial 1
1.1. Hello, Wor ld 1
1.2. Command-L ine Arguments 4
1.3. Finding Duplicate Lines 8
1.4. Animated GIFs 13
1.5. FetchingaURL 15
1.6. Fetching URLs Concurrently 17
1.7. A Web Server 19
1.8. Loose End s 23
2. Program Structure 27
2.1. Names 27
2.2. Declarations 28
2.3. Variables 30
2.4. Assig nments 36
2.5. Typ e Decl arat ions 39
2.6. Packages and Files 41
2.7. Scope 45
vii
The Go Programming Language
© 2016 Alan A. A. Donovan & Brian W. Kernighan
revision 3b600c, date 29 Sep 2015
From the Library of YIGUANG HU
ptg16105617
viii CONTENTS
3. Basic Data Typ es 51
3.1. Integers 51
3.2. Floating-Point Numbers 56
3.3. Complex Numbers 61
3.4. Booleans 63
3.5. Strings 64
3.6. Constants 75
4. Composite Typ es 81
4.1. Arrays 81
4.2. Slices 84
4.3. Maps 93
4.4. Str ucts 99
4.5. JSON 107
4.6. Text and HTML Templ ates 113
5. Func tions 119
5.1. Function Declarat ions 119
5.2. Rec ursion 121
5.3. Multiple Return Values 124
5.4. Errors 127
5.5. Function Values 132
5.6. Anonymous Func tions 135
5.7. Variadic Functions 142
5.8. Deferred Function Cal ls 143
5.9. Panic 148
5.10. Recov er 151
6. Methods 155
6.1. Method Declarations 155
6.2. Methods with a Pointer Receiver 158
6.3. Composing Types by Struct Emb edding 161
6.4. Method Values and Expressions 164
6.5. Example: Bit Vector Type 165
6.6. Encapsulation 168
7. Interfaces 171
7.1. Interfaces as Contracts 171
7.2. Int erface Types 174
7.3. Int erface Satisfac tion 175
7.4. Parsing Flags wit h flag.Value 179
7.5. Int erface Values 181
The Go Programming Language
© 2016 Alan A. A. Donovan & Brian W. Kernighan
revision 3b600c, date 29 Sep 2015
From the Library of YIGUANG HU
ptg16105617
CONTENTS ix
7.6. Sor ting wit h sort.Interface 186
7.7. The http.Handler Interface 191
7.8. The error Interface 196
7.9. Example: Expression Evaluator 197
7.10. Typ e As ser tions 205
7.11. Discriminat ing Error s with Typ e As ser tions 206
7.12. Quer ying Beh avior s with Int erface Typ e As ser tions 208
7.13. Typ e Sw itch es 210
7.14. Example: Token-B ased XML Decoding 213
7.15. A Fe w Wo rds of Adv ice 216
8. Gor o utines and Channels 217
8.1. Goroutines 217
8.2. Example: Con cur rent Clo ck Ser ver 219
8.3. Example: Con cur rent Ech o Server 222
8.4. Channel s 225
8.5. Looping in Paral lel 234
8.6. Example: Con cur rent Web Craw ler 239
8.7. Multiplexing wit h select 244
8.8. Example: Con cur rent Direc tor y Traversal 247
8.9. Cancellat ion 251
8.10. Example: Chat Ser ver 253
9. Concurrency with Shared Vari ables 257
9.1. Race Con dit ion s 257
9.2. Mut ual Exc lusion: sync.Mutex 262
9.3. Read/Write Mut exes: sync.RWMutex 266
9.4. Memor y Sy nchro nizat ion 267
9.5. Lazy Initializat ion: sync.Once 268
9.6. The Race Detec tor 271
9.7. Example: Con cur rent Non-Blo cking Cache 272
9.8. Goroutines and Threads 280
10. Pack ages and the Go Tool 283
10.1. Int roduc tion 283
10.2. Imp ort Pat hs 284
10.3. The Package Declarat ion 285
10.4. Imp ort Declarat ions 285
10.5. Blank Imp orts 286
10.6. Packages and Naming 289
10.7. The Go Tool 290
The Go Programming Language
© 2016 Alan A. A. Donovan & Brian W. Kernighan
revision 3b600c, date 29 Sep 2015
From the Library of YIGUANG HU
ptg16105617
x CONTENTS
11. Testing 301
11.1. The go test To ol 302
11.2. Test Func tions 302
11.3. Cov erage 318
11.4. Benchmark Func tions 321
11.5. Profiling 323
11.6. Example Func tions 326
12. Reflecti on 329
12.1. Why Reflec tion? 329
12.2. reflect.Type and reflect.Value 330
12.3. Display,aRec ursive Value Print er 333
12.4. Example: Enco ding S-E xpressions 338
12.5. Setting Var iables wit h reflect.Value 341
12.6. Example: Decoding S-E xpressions 344
12.7. Accessing Str uct Field Tags 348
12.8. Displaying the Met hods of a Typ e 351
12.9. A Wo rd of Caution 352
13. Low-L evel Pro gramming 353
13.1. unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof, and Offsetof 354
13.2. unsafe.Pointer 356
13.3. Example: Deep Equivalence 358
13.4. Cal lingCCode wit h cgo 361
13.5. Another Word of Caution 366
Index 367