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源码名称：Foundations of Python 3 Network Programming 2nd Edition 2010.pdf
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开发语言：Python
更新时间：2020-07-28
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Contents ■Contents at a Glance ............................................................................................ iv ■About the Authors ............................................................................................... xv ■About the Technical Reviewer ............................................................................. xv ■Acknowledgments .............................................................................................. xvi ■Introduction ....................................................................................................... xvii ■Chapter 1: Introduction to Client/Server Networking ............................................ 1 The Building Blocks: Stacks and Libraries ...................................................................... 1 Application Layers ........................................................................................................... 4 Speaking a Protocol ........................................................................................................ 5 A Raw Network Conversation ......................................................................................... 6 Turtles All the Way Down ................................................................................................ 8 The Internet Protocol ....................................................................................................... 9 IP Addresses ................................................................................................................. 10 Routing .......................................................................................................................... 11 Packet Fragmentation ................................................................................................... 13 Learning More About IP ................................................................................................. 14 ■Chapter 2: UDP .................................................................................................... 15 Should You Read This Chapter? .................................................................................... 16 Addresses and Port Numbers ....................................................................................... 16 Port Number Ranges ..................................................................................................... 17 Sockets ......................................................................................................................... 19 ■ CONTENTS vi Unreliability, Backoff, Blocking, Timeouts .................................................................... 22 Connecting UDP Sockets ............................................................................................... 25 Request IDs: A Good Idea .............................................................................................. 27 Binding to Interfaces ..................................................................................................... 28 UDP Fragmentation ....................................................................................................... 30 Socket Options .............................................................................................................. 31 Broadcast ...................................................................................................................... 32 When to Use UDP .......................................................................................................... 33 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 34 ■Chapter 3: TCP ..................................................................................................... 35 How TCP Works ............................................................................................................. 35 When to Use TCP ........................................................................................................... 36 What TCP Sockets Mean ............................................................................................... 37 A Simple TCP Client and Server .................................................................................... 38 One Socket per Conversation ........................................................................................ 41 Address Already in Use ................................................................................................. 42 Binding to Interfaces ..................................................................................................... 43 Deadlock ....................................................................................................................... 44 Closed Connections, Half-Open Connections ................................................................ 48 Using TCP Streams like Files ........................................................................................ 49 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 49 ■Chapter 4: Socket Names and DNS ..................................................................... 51 Hostnames and Domain Names .................................................................................... 51 Socket Names ............................................................................................................... 52 Five Socket Coordinates ............................................................................................... 53 IPv6 ............................................................................................................................... 54 Modern Address Resolution .......................................................................................... 55 ■ CONTENTS vii Asking getaddrinfo() Where to Bind .............................................................................. 56 Asking getaddrinfo() About Services ............................................................................. 56 Asking getaddrinfo() for Pretty Hostnames ................................................................... 57 Other getaddrinfo() Flags .............................................................................................. 58 Primitive Name Service Routines .................................................................................. 59 Using getsockaddr() in Your Own Code ......................................................................... 60 Better Living Through Paranoia .................................................................................... 61 A Sketch of How DNS Works ......................................................................................... 63 Why Not to Use DNS ...................................................................................................... 65 Why to Use DNS ............................................................................................................ 66 Resolving Mail Domains ................................................................................................ 68 Zeroconf and Dynamic DNS .......................................................................................... 70 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 70 ■Chapter 5: etwork Data and Network Errors ....................................................... 71 Text and Encodings ....................................................................................................... 71 Network Byte Order ...................................................................................................... 73 Framing and Quoting .................................................................................................... 75 Pickles and Self-Delimiting Formats ............................................................................. 79 XML, JSON, Etc. ............................................................................................................ 80 Compression ................................................................................................................. 81 Network Exceptions ...................................................................................................... 82 Handling Exceptions ..................................................................................................... 83 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 85 ■Chapter 6: TLS and SSL ....................................................................................... 87 Computer Security ........................................................................................................ 87 IP Access Rules ............................................................................................................. 88 Cleartext on the Network .............................................................................................. 90 ■ CONTENTS viii TLS Encrypts Your Conversations ................................................................................. 92 TLS Verifies Identities ................................................................................................... 93 Supporting TLS in Python .............................................................................................. 94 The Standard SSL Module ............................................................................................. 95 Loose Ends .................................................................................................................... 98 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 98 ■Chapter 7: Server Architecture ........................................................................... 99 Daemons and Logging .................................................................................................. 99 Our Example: Sir Launcelot ......................................................................................... 100 An Elementary Client ................................................................................................... 102 The Waiting Game ....................................................................................................... 103 Running a Benchmark ................................................................................................. 106 Event-Driven Servers .................................................................................................. 109 Poll vs. Select .............................................................................................................. 112 The Semantics of Non-blocking .................................................................................. 113 Event-Driven Servers Are Blocking and Synchronous ................................................ 114 Twisted Python ........................................................................................................... 114 Load Balancing and Proxies ........................................................................................ 117 Threading and Multi-processing ................................................................................. 117 Threading and Multi-processing Frameworks ............................................................ 120 Process and Thread Coordination ............................................................................... 122 Running Inside inetd ................................................................................................... 123 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 124 ■Chapter 8: Caches, Message Queues, and Map-Reduce ................................... 125 Using Memcached ...................................................................................................... 126 Memcached and Sharding .......................................................................................... 128 Message Queues ......................................................................................................... 130 ■ CONTENTS ix Using Message Queues from Python .......................................................................... 131 How Message Queues Change Programming ............................................................. 133 Map-Reduce ................................................................................................................ 134 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 136 ■Chapter 9: HTTP ................................................................................................. 137 URL Anatomy ............................................................................................................... 138 Relative URLs .............................................................................................................. 141 Instrumenting urllib2 ................................................................................................... 141 The GET Method .......................................................................................................... 142 The Host Header ......................................................................................................... 144 Codes, Errors, and Redirection ................................................................................... 144 Payloads and Persistent Connections ......................................................................... 147 POST And Forms ......................................................................................................... 148 Successful Form POSTs Should Always Redirect ....................................................... 150 POST And APIs ............................................................................................................ 151 REST And More HTTP Methods ................................................................................... 151 Identifying User Agents and Web Servers ................................................................... 152 Content Type Negotiation ............................................................................................ 153 Compression ............................................................................................................... 154 HTTP Caching .............................................................................................................. 155 The HEAD Method ....................................................................................................... 156 HTTPS Encryption ........................................................................................................ 156 HTTP Authentication .................................................................................................... 157 Cookies ....................................................................................................................... 158 HTTP Session Hijacking .............................................................................................. 160 Cross-Site Scripting Attacks ....................................................................................... 160 WebOb ......................................................................................................................... 161 ■ CONTENTS x Summary ..................................................................................................................... 161 ■Chapter 10: Screen Scraping . ..........................................................................163 Fetching Web Pages ................................................................................................... 163 Downloading Pages Through Form Submission ......................................................... 164 The Structure of Web Pages ....................................................................................... 167 Three Axes . ................................................................................................................168 Diving into an HTML Document .................................................................................. 169 Selectors . ................................................................................................................... 173 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 177 ■Chapter 11: Web Applications ..........................................................................179 Web Servers and Python . ........................................................................................... 180 Two Tiers . .................................................................................................................. 180 Choosing a Web Server . ............................................................................................. 182 WSGI . .......................................................................................................................... 183 WSGI Middleware . ...................................................................................................... 185 Python Web Frameworks ............................................................................................ 187 URL Dispatch Techniques ........................................................................................... 189 Templates ................................................................................................................... 190 Final Considerations ................................................................................................... 191 Pure-Python Web Servers ........................................................................................... 192 CGI . ............................................................................................................................. 193 mod_python ................................................................................................................ 194 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 195 ■Chapter 12: E-mail Composition and Decoding ................................................197 E-mail Messages ........................................................................................................ 198 Composing Traditional Messages ...............................................................................200 Parsing Traditional Messages . ................................................................................... 202 ■ CONTENTS xi Parsing Dates .............................................................................................................. 203 Understanding MIME ................................................................................................... 205 How MIME Works ........................................................................................................ 206 Composing MIME Attachments ................................................................................... 206 MIME Alternative Parts ................................................................................................ 208 Composing Non-English Headers ............................................................................... 210 Composing Nested Multiparts ..................................................................................... 211 Parsing MIME Messages ............................................................................................. 213 Decoding Headers ....................................................................................................... 215 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 216 ■Chapter 13: SMTP .............................................................................................. 217 E-mail Clients, Webmail Services ............................................................................... 217 In the Beginning Was the Command Line .......................................................................................... 218 The Rise of Clients ............................................................................................................................. 218 The Move to Webmail ......................................................................................................................... 220 How SMTP Is Used ...................................................................................................... 221 Sending E-Mail ............................................................................................................ 221 Headers and the Envelope Recipient .......................................................................... 222 Multiple Hops .............................................................................................................. 223 Introducing the SMTP Library ..................................................................................... 224 Error Handling and Conversation Debugging .............................................................. 225 Getting Information from EHLO ................................................................................... 228 Using Secure Sockets Layer and Transport Layer Security ........................................ 230 Authenticated SMTP .................................................................................................... 232 SMTP Tips ................................................................................................................... 233 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 234 ■Chapter 14: POP ................................................................................................ 235 Compatibility Between POP Servers ........................................................................... 235 ■ CONTENTS xii Connecting and Authenticating ................................................................................... 235 Obtaining Mailbox Information .................................................................................... 238 Downloading and Deleting Messages ......................................................................... 239 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 241 ■Chapter 15: IMAP .............................................................................................. 243 Understanding IMAP in Python .................................................................................... 244 IMAPClient ................................................................................................................... 246 Examining Folders ...................................................................................................... 248 Message Numbers vs. UIDs ........................................................................................ 248 Message Ranges ......................................................................................................... 249 Summary Information ................................................................................................. 249 Downloading an Entire Mailbox .................................................................................. 250 Downloading Messages Individually ........................................................................... 252 Flagging and Deleting Messages ................................................................................ 257 Deleting Messages ...................................................................................................... 258 Searching .................................................................................................................... 259 Manipulating Folders and Messages .......................................................................... 260 Asynchrony ................................................................................................................. 261 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 261 ■Chapter 16: Telnet and SSH ............................................................................... 263 Command-Line Automation ........................................................................................ 263 Command-Line Expansion and Quoting ...................................................................... 265 Unix Has No Special Characters .................................................................................. 266 Quoting Characters for Protection ............................................................................... 268 The Terrible Windows Command Line ........................................................................ 269 Things Are Different in a Terminal .............................................................................. 270 Terminals Do Buffering ............................................................................................... 273 ■ CONTENTS xiii Telnet .......................................................................................................................... 274 SSH: The Secure Shell ................................................................................................ 278 An Overview of SSH .................................................................................................... 279 SSH Host Keys ............................................................................................................ 280 SSH Authentication ..................................................................................................... 282 Shell Sessions and Individual Commands .................................................................. 283 SFTP: File Transfer Over SSH ...................................................................................... 286 Other Features ............................................................................................................ 289 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 290 ■Chapter 17: FTP ................................................................................................. 291 What to Use Instead of FTP ......................................................................................... 291 Communication Channels ........................................................................................... 292 Using FTP in Python .................................................................................................... 293 ASCII and Binary Files ................................................................................................. 294 Advanced Binary Downloading ................................................................................... 295 Uploading Data ............................................................................................................ 297 Advanced Binary Uploading ........................................................................................ 298 Handling Errors ........................................................................................................... 299 Detecting Directories and Recursive Download .......................................................... 301 Creating Directories, Deleting Things ......................................................................... 302 Doing FTP Securely ..................................................................................................... 303 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 303 ■Chapter 18: RPC ................................................................................................ 305 Features of RPC .......................................................................................................... 306 XML-RPC ..................................................................................................................... 307 JSON-RPC ................................................................................................................... 313 Self-documenting Data ............................................................................................... 315 ■ CONTENTS xiv Talking About Objects: Pyro and RPyC ........................................................................ 316 An RPyC Example ........................................................................................................ 317 RPC, Web Frameworks, Message Queues .................................................................. 319 Recovering From Network Errors ................................................................................ 320 Binary Options: Thrift and Protocol Buffers ................................................................. 320 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 321 ■Index ................................................................................................................. 323